Method and apparatus for state/mode transitioning

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for transitioning states or modes on a user equipment, the method having the steps of receiving, at a network element, a transition indication; checking a radio resource profile for the user equipment; and making a transitioning decision at the network element based on the received transition indication and the radio resource profile.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present disclosure claims priority from U.S. application No.60/987,672, entitled “Method and Apparatus for State/Mode TransitioningBased on a Radio Resource Profile”, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to radio resource control between UserEquipment (UE) or other wireless or mobile device and a wirelessnetwork, and in particular to transitioning between states and modes ofoperation in a wireless network such as for example, a Universal MobileTelecommunication System (UMTS) network.

BACKGROUND

A Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a broadband,packet based system for the transmission of text, digitized voice, videoand multi-media. It is a highly subscribed to standard for thirdgeneration and is generally based on Wideband Coded Division MultipleAccess (W-CDMA).

In a UMTS network, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) part of the protocolstack is responsible for the assignment, configuration and release ofradio resources between the UE and the UTRAN. This RRC protocol isdescribed in detail in the 3GPP TS 25.331 specifications. Two basicmodes that the UE can be in are defined as “idle mode” and “UTRA RRCconnected mode” (or simply “connected mode”, as used herein). UTRAstands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access. In idle mode, the UE or othermobile device is required to request a RRC connection whenever it wantsto send any user data or in response to a page whenever the UTRAN or theServing General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) pages itto receive data from an external data network such as a push server.Idle and Connected mode behaviors are described in details in the ThirdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications TS 25.304 and TS25.331.

When in a UTRA RRC connected mode, the device can be in one of fourstates. These are:

CELL-DCH: A dedicated channel is allocated to the UE in uplink anddownlink in this state to exchange data. The UE must perform actions asoutlined in 3GPP 25.331.CELL_FACH: no dedicated channel is allocated to the user equipment inthis state. Instead, common channels are used to exchange a small amountof bursty data. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP 25.331which includes the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS 25.304.CELL_PCH: the UE uses Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to monitor broadcastmessages and pages via a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplinkactivity is possible. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP25.331 which includes the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS25.304. The UE must perform the CELL UPDATE procedure after cellreselection.URA_PCH: the UE uses Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to monitor broadcastmessages and pages via a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplinkactivity is possible. The UE must perform actions as outlined in 3GPP25.331 including the cell selection process as defined in 3GPP TS25.304. This state is similar to CELL_PCH, except that URA UPDATEprocedure is only triggered via UTRAN Registration Area (URA)reselection.

The transition from an idle to the connected mode and vise-versa iscontrolled by the UTRAN. When an idle mode UE requests an RRCconnection, the network decides whether to move the UE to the CELL_DCHor CELL_FACH state. When the UE is in an RRC connected mode, again it isthe network that decides when to release the RRC connection. The networkmay also move the UE from one RRC state to another prior to releasingthe connection or in some cases instead of releasing the connection. Thestate transitions are typically triggered by data activity or inactivitybetween the UE and network. Since the network may not know when the UEhas completed data exchange for a given application, it typically keepsthe RRC connection for some time in anticipation of more data to/fromthe UE. This is typically done to reduce the latency of call set-up andsubsequent radio resource setup. The RRC connection release message canonly be sent by the UTRAN. This message releases the signal linkconnection and all radio resources between the UE and the UTRAN.Generally, the term “radio bearer” refers to radio resources assignedbetween the UE and the UTRAN. And, the term “radio access bearer”generally refers to radio resources assigned between the UE and, e.g.,an SGSN (Serving GPRS Service Node). The present disclosure shall, attimes, refer to the term radio resource, and such term shall refer, asappropriate, to either or both the radio bearer and/or the radio accessbearer.

The problem with the above is that even if an application on the UE hascompleted its data transaction and is not expecting any further dataexchange, it still waits for the network to move it to the correctstate. The network may not be even aware of the fact that theapplication on the UE has completed its data exchange. For example, anapplication on the UE may use its own acknowledgement-based protocol toexchange data with its application server, which is accessed through theUMTS core network. Examples are applications that run over User DatagramProtocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) implementing their own guaranteeddelivery. In such a case, the UE knows whether the application serverhas sent or received all the data packets or not and is in a betterposition to determine if any further data exchange is to take place andhence decide when to terminate the RRC connection associated with PacketService (PS) domain. Since the UTRAN controls when the RRC connectedstate is changed to a different state or into an idle mode, and the factthat UTRAN is not aware of the status of data delivery between the UEand external server, the UE is forced to stay in a higher data rate andintensive battery state than the required state or mode, therebydraining battery life. This also results in wasting network resourcesdue to the fact that the radio resources are unnecessarily keptoccupied.

One solution to the above is to have the UE send a signaling releaseindication to the UTRAN when the UE realizes that it is finished withdata transaction. Pursuant to section 8.1.14.3 of the 3GPP TS 25.331specification, the UTRAN may release the signaling connection uponreceipt of the signaling release indication from the UE, causing the UEto transition to an idle mode. A problem with the above is that thesignaling release indication may be considered an alarm. A networktypically only expects the signaling release indication when a GPRSMobility Management (GMM) service request failure, a Routing Area Update(RAU) failure, or a attach failure occurs. The raising of an alarm whenthe UE request signaling release results in the raising of an alarm atthe network, and the raising of the alarm is erroneous behavior when noabnormal condition has otherwise arisen.

A UE operable in a UMTS, as well as other mobile nodes operable in radiocommunication systems constructed pursuant to other communicationstandards, is sometimes capable of providing multiple, concurrent packetdata services each pursuant to a packet data communication session.While use of a signaling release indication by a UE sent to a UTRANwould provide a manner by which to request release of a signalingconnection provided for all of the packet data services with the UE,there is a need to provide more refined control over the resources. Thatis to say, there might well be a need, to provide continued radioresources for one of the packet data services which is currently activewhile releasing the radio resources provided for another of theconcurrent packet data services which no longer requires radio resource.This results in efficient usage of network resource as well as optimalutilization of the processor on the UE, as the processor power will notbe wasted in processing resources that are not required. A networkelement may alternatively make a decision concerning the release ofresources or the transition between states/modes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be better understood with reference to thedrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing RRC states and transitions;

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a UMTS network showing various UMTS cells and aURA;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the various stages in an RRCconnection setup;

FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCHconnected mode state and an idle mode initiated by the UTRAN accordingto current method;

FIG. 4B is a block diagram showing an exemplary transition between aCELL_DCH state connected mode transition to an idle mode utilizingsignaling release indications;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between a CELL_DCHinactivity to a CELL_FACH inactivity to an idle mode initiated by theUTRAN;

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an exemplary transition between CELL_DCHinactivity and an idle mode utilizing signaling release indications;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a UMTS protocol stack;

FIG. 7 is an exemplary UE that can be used in association with thepresent method;

FIG. 8 is an exemplary network for use in association with the presentmethod and system;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing the steps of adding a cause for asignaling connection release indication at the UE;

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing the steps taken by a UE upon receiptof a signaling connection release indication having a cause;

FIG. 11 illustrates a graphical representation of exemplary logical andphysical channel allocation during exemplary operation of the networkshown in FIG. 8 in which multiple, concurrent packet data communicationservice sessions are provided with the UE;

FIG. 12 illustrates a functional block diagram of UE and networkelements that provide for radio resource release function to releaseradio resources of individual packet data services pursuant to anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 illustrates a message sequence diagram representative ofsignaling generated pursuant to operation of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure by which to release radio resource allocation to aPDP context;

FIG. 14 illustrates a message sequence diagram, similar to that shown inFIG. 13, also representative of signaling generated pursuant tooperation of an embodiment of the present disclosure by which to releaseradio resource allocation;

FIG. 15 illustrates a process diagram representative of the process ofan embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 illustrates a method flow diagram illustrating the method ofoperation of an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 17 illustrates a method flow diagram, also illustrating the methodof operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 18 illustrates a method flow diagram of an embodiment in whichtransitioning decisions are made based on a Radio Resource Profile at anetwork element;

FIG. 19 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a network element aptto be used with the method of FIG. 18; and

FIG. 20 illustrates a data flow diagram for the sending of a dedicatedpreferred state request.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The examples and embodiments provided below describe various methods andsystems for transitioning a User Equipment (UE) or other mobile devicesbetween various states/modes of operation in a wireless network such as,for example, a UMTS network. It is to be understood that otherimplementations in other types of networks are also possible. Forexample, the same teachings could also be applied to aCode-Division-Multiple-Access (CDMA) network (e.g. 3GPP2 IS-2000),Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) network (e.g. 3GPP UMTS/High-Speed Packet Access(HSPA)) network or by way of generalization, to any network based onradio access technologies that utilize network-controlled radioresources or that does not maintain any knowledge of the status ofdevice application level data exchanges. The specific examples andimplementations described below although presented for simplicity inrelation to UMTS networks are also applicable to these other networkenvironments. Further, the network element is sometimes described belowas the UTRAN. However, if other network types besides UMTS are utilized,the network element can be selected appropriately based on the networktype. Further, the network element can be the core network in a UMTSsystem, where the core network is the one that makes transitiondecisions.

In a particular example, the present system and method provide for thetransitioning from an RRC connected mode to a more battery efficient orradio resource efficient state or mode while providing for decisionmaking capabilities at the network. In particular, the present methodand apparatus provide for transitioning based on receipt of anindication from a UE indicating, either implicitly or explicitly, that atransition for the RRC state or mode associated with a particularsignaling connection with radio resources should occur from one state ormode to another. As will be appreciated, such an indication or requestcould be an existing communication under current standards, for examplea signaling connection release, or could be a new dedicated message tochange the state of the UE, such as a “preferred RRC state request”. Asused herein, an indication could refer to either scenario, and couldincorporate a request.

The transition indication originated by the UE can be sent in somesituations when one or more applications on the UE have completed anexchange of data and/or when a determination is made that the UEapplication(s) are not expected to exchange any further data. Thenetwork element can then use the indication and any information providedtherein, as well as other information related to the radio resource,such a quality of service, Access Point Name (APN), Packet Data Protocol(PDP) context, historical information, among others, defined herein as aradio resource profile, to make a network specific decision aboutwhether to transition the mobile device to another mode or state, or donothing. The transition indication provided by the UE or mobile devicecan take several forms and can be sent under different conditions. In afirst example, the transition indication can be sent based on acomposite status of all of the applications residing on the UE.Specifically, in a UMTS environment, if an application on the UEdetermines that it is done with the exchange of data, it can send a“done” indication to a “connection manager” component of UE software.The connection manager can, in one embodiment, keep track of allexisting applications (including those providing a service over one ormultiple protocols), associated Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts,associated packet switched (PS) radio resources and associated circuitswitched (CS) radio resources. A PDP Context is a logical associationbetween a UE and PDN (Public Data Network) running across a UMTS corenetwork. One or multiple applications (e.g. an e-mail application and abrowser application) on the UE may be associated with one PDP context.In some cases, one application on the UE is associated with one primaryPDP context and multiple applications may be tied with secondary PDPcontexts. The Connection Manager receives “done” indications fromdifferent applications on the UE that are simultaneously active. Forexample, a user may receive an e-mail from a push server while browsingthe web. After the e-mail application has sent an acknowledgment, it mayindicate that it has completed its data transaction. The browserapplication may behave differently and instead make a predictivedetermination (for e.g. using an inactivity timer) of when to send a“done” indication to the connection manager.

Based on a composite status of such indications from activeapplications, UE software can decide to send a transition indication toindicate or request the network that a transition from one state or modeto another should occur. Alternatively, the UE software can instead waitbefore it sends the transition indication and introduce a delay toensure that the application is truly finished with data exchange anddoes not require to be maintained in a battery or radio resourceintensive state or mode. The delay can be dynamic based on traffichistory and/or application profiles. Whenever the connection managerdetermines with some probability that no application is expected toexchange data, it can send a transition indication to the network toindicate that a transition should occur. In a specific example, thetransition indication can be a signaling connection release indicationfor the appropriate domain (e.g. PS domain) to request a idle modetransition. Alternatively, the transition indication could be a requestfor state transition within connected mode to the UTRAN.

As described below in further detail, based on the receipt of atransition indication and on a radio resource profile, a network elementsuch as the UTRAN in a UMTS environment can decide to transition the UEfrom one state or mode to another.

Other transition indications are possible. For example, instead ofrelying on a composite status of all active applications on the UE, theUE software can, in an alternative embodiment, send a transitionindication every time a UE application has completed an exchange or dataand/or the application is not expected to exchange further data. In thiscase, the network element (e.g. the UTRAN), based on a radio resourceprofile for the UE as described with reference to FIG. 18 below, canutilize the indication to make a transitioning decision.

In yet another example, the transition indication could simply indicatethat one or more applications on the UE completed a data exchange and/orthat the UE application(s) are not expected to exchange any furtherdata. Based on that indication and a radio resource profile for the UE,the network (e.g. UTRAN), can decide whether or not to transition the UEto a more appropriate state or mode or operation.

In a further example, the transition indication could be implicit ratherthan explicit. For example, the indication may be part of a statusreport sent periodically. Such a status report could include informationsuch as whether a radio link buffer has data or could includeinformation on outbound traffic.

In a further embodiment, a timer could exist on the UE to ensure that atransition indication may not be repeated until a time duration haselapsed (inhibit duration). This avoids the UE sending the transitionindication message too frequently and further allows the network to makea determination by relying on messages that are triggered only under agiven maximum frequency. The time duration could be measured by a timerwhose value is preconfigured, or set by a network (indicated orsignaled). If the value is set by a network, it could be conveyed inexisting messages such as RRC Connection Request, RRC Connectionrelease, Radio Bearer Setup or a System Information Broadcast, amongothers, and could be an information element in those messages.

The inhibit duration above may be based on the state the UE would liketo transition to. For example the inhibit duration may be different,whether the mobile indicated its last preference for some RRCStates/modes versus others. For example, it could be different if themobile indicated a preference for idle mode, versus Cell_FACH, or versusCell_PCH/URA PCH States. In the case where the Inhibit Duration is setby the network, this may be achieved by the network indicating/sendingtwo (or more) sets of values to the mobile, to be used depending on thescenario. Alternatively, the indication could be done in such a way thatthe appropriate Inhibit duration value only is indicated/signaled to themobile: for example, if the UE wants to transition to Cell_PCH, adifferent elapsed time duration could be set than if the UE wants totransition to Idle.

The inhibit duration from above may be different, depending on which RRCState/mode the mobile currently is in (e.g. Cell_DCH/Cell_FACH versusCell_PCH/URA_PCH, or in Cell_DCH versus Cell_FACH, or Cell_PCH/URA_PCH).

The inhibit duration from above may be different, depending if thenetwork has already acted on preference RRC State information from themobile. Such recognition may be happen on the network, or on the mobileside. In the first case, this may affect the Inhibit valuesindicated/signaled by the network to the mobile. In this second case,different sets of Inhibit duration values may be preconfigured orindicated/signaled by the network. As a particular case, the inhibitduration/functionality may be reduced or cancelled if the network hasacted on preference RRC State information from the mobile, e.g. hasinitiated a state transition to a state indicated by the UE.

A maximum number of message per time-window (e.g. “no more than 15messages every 10 minutes”) may be used/specified instead of, or inaddition to, the Inhibit duration.

Combinations of the above inhibition durations/maximum messages pertime-window are possible.

The present disclosure therefore provides a method for transitioningstates or modes on a user equipment comprising the steps of: receiving,at a network element, a transition indication; checking a radio resourceprofile for the user equipment; and making a transitioning decision atthe network element based on the received transition indication and theradio resource profile.

The present disclosure further provides a network element adapted tomake a transitioning decision, comprising: a communications subsystemadapted to receive a transition indication; memory; and a processoradapted to check a radio resource profile for a user equipment, theprocessor further adapted to make the transitioning decision based onthe received transition indication and the radio resource profile.

The present disclosure further provides a user equipment adapted toinitiate a transitioning decision, comprising: a communicationssubsystem adapted communicate with a network; memory; and a processoradapted to determine if a state/mode transition is desirable and furtheradapted to send a transition indication to the network responsive to thedetermination, wherein the user equipment is adapted to receive atransitioning decision from the network based on the transitioningindication.

The present disclosure still further provides a method for initiating atransitioning decision from a user equipment comprising: determining ifa state/mode transition is desirable at the user equipment; and sendinga transition indication to the network responsive to the determination,whereby the user equipment receives a transitioning decision from thenetwork based on the transitioning indication.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing thevarious modes and states for the radio resource control portion of aprotocol stack in a UMTS network. In particular, the RRC can be eitherin an RRC idle mode 110 or an RRC connected mode 120.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a UMTS networkconsists of two land-based network segments. These are the Core Network(CN) and the Universal Terrestrial Radio-Access Network (UTRAN) (asillustrated in FIG. 8). The Core Network is responsible for theswitching and routing of data calls and data connections to the externalnetworks while the UTRAN handles all radio related functionalities.

In idle mode 110, the UE must request an RRC connection to set up theradio resource whenever data needs to be exchanged between the UE andthe network. This can be as a result of either an application on the UErequiring a connection to send data, or as a result of the UE monitoringa paging channel to indicate whether the UTRAN or SGSN has paged the UEto receive data from an external data network such as a push server. Inaddition, the UE also requests an RRC connection whenever it needs tosend Mobility Management signaling messages such as Location AreaUpdate.

Once the UE has sent a request to the UTRAN to establish a radioconnection, the UTRAN chooses a state for the RRC connection to be in.Specifically, the RRC connected mode 120 includes four separate states.These are CELL_DCH state 122, CELL_FACH state 124, CELL_PCH state 126and URA_PCH state 128.

From idle mode 110 the UE autonomously transitions to the CELL_FACHstate 124, in which it makes its initial data transfer, subsequent towhich the network determines which RRC connected state to use forcontinued data transfer. This may include the network either moving theUE into the Cell Dedicated Channel (CELL_DCH) state 122 or keeping theUE in the Cell Forward Access Channel (CELL_FACH) state 124.

In CELL_DCH state 122, a dedicated channel is allocated to the UE forboth uplink and downlink to exchange data. This state, since it has adedicated physical channel allocated to the UE, typically requires themost battery power from the UE.

Alternatively, the UTRAN can maintain the UE in a CELL_FACH state 124.In a CELL_FACH state no dedicated channel is allocated to the UE.Instead, common channels are used to send signaling in a small amount ofbursty data. However, the UE still has to continuously monitor the FACH,and therefore it consumes more battery power than in a CELL_PCH state, aURA_PCH state, and in idle mode.

Within the RRC connected mode 120, the RRC state can be changed at thediscretion of the UTRAN. Specifically, if data inactivity is detectedfor a specific amount of time or data throughput below a certainthreshold is detected, the UTRAN may move the RRC state from CELL_DCHstate 122 to the CELL_FACH state 124, CELL_PCH state 126 or URA_PCHstate 128. Similarly, if the payload is detected to be above a certainthreshold then the RRC state can be moved from CELL_FACH state 124 toCELL_DCH state 122.

From CELL_FACH state 124, if data inactivity is detected forpredetermined time in some networks, the UTRAN can move the RRC statefrom CELL_FACH state 124 to a paging channel (PCH) state. This can beeither the CELL_PCH state 126 or URA_PCH state 128.

From CELL_PCH state 126 or URA_PCH state 128 the UE must move toCELL_FACH state 124 in order to initiate an update procedure to requesta dedicated channel. This is the only state transition that the UEcontrols.

Idle mode 110 and CELL_PCH state 126 and URA_PCH state 128 use adiscontinuous reception cycle (DRX) to monitor broadcast messages andpages by a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). No uplink activity ispossible.

The difference between CELL_PCH state 126 and URA_PCH state 128 is thatthe URA_PCH state 128 only triggers a URA Update procedure if the UE'scurrent UTRAN registration area (URA) is not among the list of URAidentities present in the current cell. Specifically, reference is madeto FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows an illustration of various UMTS cells 210, 212and 214. All of these cells require a cell update procedure ifreselected to a CELL_PCH state. However, in a UTRAN registration area,each will be within the same UTRAN registration area (URA) 320, and thusa URA update procedure is not triggered when moving between 210, 212 and214 when in a URA_PCH mode.

As seen in FIG. 2, other cells 218 are outside the URA 320, and can bepart of a separate URA or no URA.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, from a battery lifeperspective the idle state provides the lowest battery usage comparedwith the states above. Specifically, because the UE is required tomonitor the paging channel only at intervals, the radio does not need tocontinuously be on, but will instead wake up periodically. The trade-offfor this is the latency to send data. However, if this latency is nottoo great, the advantages of being in the idle mode and saving batterypower outweigh the disadvantages of the connection latency.

Reference is again made to FIG. 1. Various UMTS infrastructure vendorsmove between states 122, 124, 126 and 128 based on various criteria.These criteria could be the network operator's preferences regarding thesaving of signaling or the saving of radio resources, among others.Exemplary infrastructures are outlined below.

In a first exemplary infrastructure, the RRC moves between an idle modeand a Cell_DCH state directly after initiating access in a CELL_FACHstate. In the Cell_DCH state, if two seconds of inactivity are detected,the RRC state changes to a Cell_FACH state 124. If, in Cell_FACH state124, ten seconds of inactivity are detected then the RRC state changesto Cell_PCH state 126. Forty five minutes of inactivity in Cell_PCHstate 126 will result in the RRC state moving back to idle mode 110.

In a second exemplary infrastructure, RRC transition can occur betweenan idle mode 110 and connected mode 120 depending on a payloadthreshold. In the second infrastructure, if the payload is below acertain threshold then the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state124. Conversely, if the data payload is above a certain payloadthreshold then the UTRAN moves the RRC state to a CELL_DCH state 122. Inthe second infrastructure, if two minutes of inactivity are detected inCELL_DCH state 122, the UTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_FACH state124. After five minutes of inactivity in the CELL_FACH state 124, theUTRAN moves the RRC state to CELL_PCH state 126. In CELL_PCH state 126,two hours of inactivity are required before moving back to idle mode110.

In a third exemplary infrastructure, movement between idle mode 110 andconnected mode 120 is always to CELL_DCH state 122. After five secondsof inactivity in CELL_DCH state 122 the UTRAN moves the RRC state toCELL_FACH state 124. Thirty seconds of inactivity in CELL_FACH state 124results in the movement back to idle mode 110.

In a fourth exemplary infrastructure the RRC transitions from an idlemode to a connected mode directly into a CELL_DCH state 122. In thefourth exemplary infrastructure, CELL_DCH state 122 includes twoconfigurations. The first includes a configuration which has a high datarate and a second configuration includes a lower data rate, but stillwithin the CELL_DCH state. In the fourth exemplary infrastructure, theRRC transitions from idle mode 110 directly into the high data rateCELL_DCH sub-state. After 10 seconds of inactivity the RRC statetransitions to a low data rate CELL_DCH sub-state. Seventeen seconds ofinactivity from the low data sub-state of CELL_DCH state 122 results inthe RRC state changing it to idle mode 110.

The above four exemplary infrastructures show how various UMTSinfrastructure vendors are implementing the states. As will beappreciated by those skilled in the art, in each case, if the time spenton exchanging actual data (such as an email) is significantly shortcompared to the time that is required to stay in the CELL_DCH or theCELL_FACH states. This causes unnecessary current drain, making the userexperience in newer generation networks such as UMTS worse than in priorgeneration networks such as GPRS.

Further, although the CELL_PCH state 126 is more optimal than theCELL_FACH state 124 from a battery life perspective, the DRX cycle in aCELL_PCH state 126 is typically set to a lower value than the idle mode110. As a result, the UE is required to wake up more frequently in theCELL_PCH state 126 than in an idle mode 110.

The URA_PCH state 128 with a DRX cycle similar to that of the idle state110 is likely the optimal trade up between battery life and latency forconnection. However, URA_PCH state 128 is currently not implemented inthe UTRAN. In some cases, it is therefore desirable to quicklytransition to the idle mode as quickly as possible after an applicationis finished with the data exchange, from a battery life perspective.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3. When transitioning from an idle mode toa connected mode various signaling and data connections need to be made.Referring to FIG. 3, the first item to be performed is an RRC connectionsetup 310. As indicated above, this RRC connection setup 310 can only betorn down by the UTRAN.

Once RRC connection setup 310 is accomplished, a signaling connectionsetup 312 is started.

Once signaling connection setup 312 is finished, a ciphering andintegrity setup 314 is started. Upon completion of this, a radio bearersetup 316 is accomplished. At this point, data can be exchanged betweenthe UE and UTRAN.

Tearing down a connection is similarly accomplished in the reverseorder, in general. The radio bearer setup 316 is taken down and then theRRC connection setup 310 is taken down. At this point, the RRC movesinto idle mode 110 as illustrated in FIG. 1.

Although the current 3GPP specification does not allow the UE to releasethe RRC connection or indicate its preference for RRC state, the UE canstill indicate termination of a signaling connection for a specifiedcore network domain such as the Packet Switched (PS) domain used bypacket-switched applications. According to section 8.1.14.1 of 3GPP TS25.331, the signaling connection release indication procedure is used bythe UE to indicate to the UTRAN that one of its signaling connectionshas been released. This procedure may in turn initiate the RRCconnection release procedure.

Thus staying within the current 3GPP specifications, signalingconnection release may be initiated upon the tearing down of thesignaling connection setup 312. It is within the ability of the UE totear down signaling connection setup 312, and this in turn according tothe specification “may” initiate the RRC connection release.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, if signalingconnection setup 312 is torn down, the UTRAN will also need to clean updeciphering and integrity setup 314 and radio bearer setup 316 after thesignaling connection setup 312 has been torn down.

If signaling connection setup 312 is torn down, the RRC connection setupis typically brought down by the network for current vendorinfrastructures if no CS connection is active.

Using this for one of the specific transition indication examplesmentioned above, if the UE determines that it is done with the exchangeof data, for example if a “connection manager” component of the UEsoftware is provided with an indication that the exchange of data iscomplete, then the connection manager may determine whether or not totear down the signaling setup 312. For example, an email application onthe device sends an indication that it has received an acknowledgementfrom the push email server that the email was indeed received by thepush server. The connection manager can, in one embodiment, keep trackof all existing applications, associated PDP contexts, associated PSradio resources and associated circuit switched (CS) radio bearers. Inother embodiments a network element (e.g. the UTRAN) can keep track ofexisting applications, associated PDP contexts, QoS, associated PS radioresources and associated CS radio bearers. A delay can be introduced ateither the UE or network element to ensure that the application(s) is(are) truly finished with data exchange and no longer require an RRCconnection even after the “done” indication(s) have been sent. Thisdelay can be made equivalent to an inactivity timeout associated withthe application(s) or the UE. Each application can have its owninactivity timeout and thus the delay can be a composite of all of theapplication timeouts. For example, an email application can have aninactivity timeout of five seconds, whereas an active browserapplication can have a timeout of sixty seconds. A delay can further beintroduced between repeated indications or state change requests. Basedon a composite status of all such indications from active applications,as well as a radio resource profile and/or resend delay in someembodiments, the UE software decides how long it should wait before itsends a transition indication (for eg. a signaling connection releaseindication or state change request) for the appropriate core network(e.g. PS Domain). If the delay is implemented at the network element,the element makes a determination of whether to and how to transitionthe UE, but only operates the transition after the delay has run itscourse.

The inactivity timeout can be made dynamic based on a traffic patternhistory and/or application profile.

If the network element transitions the UE to idle mode 110, which canhappen in any stage of the RRC connected mode 120 as illustrated in FIG.1, the network element releases the RRC connection and moves the UE toidle mode 110 as illustrated in FIG. 1. This is also applicable when theUE is performing any packet data services during a voice call. In thiscase, the network may chose to release only the PS domain, and maintainthe CS domain or alternatively may chose not to release anything andinstead maintain both the PS and CS domains.

In a further embodiment, a cause could be added to the transitionindication indicating to the UTRAN the reason for the indication. In apreferred embodiment, the cause could be an indication that an abnormalstate caused the indication or that the indication was initiated by theUE as a result of a requested transition. Other normal (i.e.non-abnormal) transactions could also result in the sending of thetransition indication.

In a further preferred embodiment, various timeouts can cause atransition indication to be sent for an abnormal condition. The examplesof timers below are not exhaustive, and other timers or abnormalconditions are possible. For example, 10.2.47 3GPP TS 24.008 specifiestimer T3310 as:

ON THE TIMER TIMER 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), NUM. VALUE STATE CAUSE OFSTART NORMAL STOP 4^(th) EXPIRY Note 3 T3310 15 s GMM- ATTACH REQ sentATTACH ACCEPT Retransmission REG- received of ATTACH REQ INIT ATTACHREJECT received

Timer T3310

This timer is used to indicate an attachment failure. The failure toattach could be a result of the network or could be a radio frequency(RF) problem such as a collision or bad RF.

The attachment attempt could occur multiple times, and an attachmentfailure results from either a predetermined number of failures or anexplicit rejection.

A second timer of 10.2.47 of 3GPP is timer T3330, which is specified as:

ON THE 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), TIMER TIMER CAUSE OF 4^(th) EXPIRY NUM.VALUE STATE START NORMAL STOP Note 3 T3330 15 s GMM- ROUTING AREAROUTING AREA Retransmission ROUTING - UPDATE UPDATE ACC received of theROUTING UPDATING- REQUEST sent ROUTING AREA AREA UPDATE INITIATED UPDATEREJ received REQUEST message

Timer T3330

This timer is used to indicate a routing area update failure. Uponexpiry of the timer, a further routing area update could be requestedmultiple times and a routing area update failure results from either apredetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection.

A third timer of 10.2.47 of 3GPP is timer T3340, which is specified as:

ON THE 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), TIMER TIMER CAUSE OF 4^(th) EXPIRY NUM.VALUE STATE START NORMAL STOP Note 3 T3340 10 s GMM- ATTACH REJ, PSsignalling Release the PS (lu REG-INIT DETACH REQ, connection signallingmode GMM-DEREG- ROUTING AREA released connection and only) INIT UPDATEREJ or proceed as GMM-RA- SERVICE REJ with described in UPDATING- any ofthe causes subclause INT #11, #12, #13 or 4.7.1.9 GMM-SERV- #15.REQ-INIT (lu ATTACH ACCEPT mode only) or ROUTING GMM- AREA UPDATEATTEMPTING- ACCEPT is TO-UPDATE- received with “no MM follow-on proceed”GMM-REG- indication. NORMAL- SERVICE

Timer T3340

This timer is used to indicate a GMM service request failure. Uponexpiry of the timer, a further GMM service request could be initiatedmultiple times and a GMM service request failure results from either apredetermined number of failures or an explicit rejection.

Thus, instead of a transition indication cause limited to an abnormalcondition and a release by the UE, the transition indication cause couldfurther include information about which timer failed for an abnormalcondition. In a specific example where a signaling connection releaseindication is used as a transition indication, the indication could bestructured as:

IE type Information and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multireference description Message Type MP Message type UE InformationElements Integrity check info CH Integrity check info 10.3.3.16 CNinformation elements CN domain identity MP CN domain identity 10.3.1.1Signaling Release OP Signaling t3310 timeout, Indication Cause Releaset3330 timeout, Indication t3340 timeout, Cause UE Requested IdleTransition

Signaling Connection Release Indication

This message is used by the UE to indicate to the UTRAN a request torelease an existing signaling connection. The addition of the signalingrelease indication cause allows the UTRAN or other network element toreceive the cause of the signaling release indication, whether it wasdue to an abnormal condition, and what the abnormal condition was. Basedon the receipt of the signaling connection release indication and aradio resource profile for the UE, an RRC connection release procedureis, in turn, permitted to be initiated at the UTRAN.

In one implementation of this example, the UE, upon receiving a requestto release, or abort, a signaling connection from upper layers for aspecific CN (core network) domain, initiates the signaling connectionrelease indication procedure if a signaling connection is identified ina variable For example, a variable ESTABLISHED_SIGNALING_CONNECTIONS,for the specific CN domain identified with the IE (information element)“CN domain identity” exists. If the variable does not identify anyexisting signaling connection, any ongoing establishment of a signalingconnection for that specific CN domain is aborted in another manner.Upon initiation of the signaling connection release indicationprocedures in the Cell_PCH or URA_PCH states, the UE performs a cellupdate procedure using a cause “uplink data transmission”. When a cellupdate procedure is completed successfully, the UE continues with thesignaling connection release indication procedures that follow.

Namely, the UE sets the information element (IE) “CN domain identity” tothe value indicated by upper logical layers. The value of the IEindicates the CN domain whose associated signaling connection the upperlayers are marking to be released. If the CN domain identity is set tothe PS domain, and if the upper layer indicates the cause to initiatethis request, then the IE “signaling release indication cause” isaccordingly set. The UE further removes the signaling connection withthe identity indicated by upper layers from the variable“ESTABLISHED_SIGNALING_CONNECTIONS”. The UE transmits a signalingconnection release indication message on, e.g., the Dedicated ControlChannel (DCCH) using acknowledged mode radio link control (AM RLC). Uponconfirmation of successful delivery of the release indication message bythe RLC, the procedure ends.

An IE “Signaling Release Indication Cause is also used pursuant to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The release cause is aligned, forinstance, with existing message definitions. The upper layer releasecause message is structured, e.g., as:

IE type Information and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multireference description Signaling Release MP Enumerated Indication Cause(UE Requested PS Data session end, T3310 expiry, T3330 expiry, T3340expiry)In this example, the T3310, T330, and T3340 expires correspond toexpiration of correspondingly-numbered timers, identified previously. Acause value is settable, in one implementation, as a “UE Requested PSData session end” rather than a “UE Requested idle transition” to removethe UE indication of a preference for an idle transition and provide forthe UTRAN to decide upon the state transition, although the expectedresult corresponds to that identified by the cause value. The extensionto the signaling connection release indication is preferably, but notnecessarily, a non-critical extension.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an exemplaryUE monitoring whether or not to send a signaling connection releaseindication for various domains (e.g. PS or CS). The process starts instep 910.

The UE transitions to step 912 in which it checks to see whether anabnormal condition exists. Such an abnormal condition can include, forexample, timer T3310, timer T3320, or timer T3340 expiring as describedabove. If these timers expire a certain predetermined number of times orif an explicit rejection is received based on the expiry of any of thesetimers, the UE proceeds to step 914 in which it sends a signalingconnection release indication. The signaling connection releaseindication message is appended with a signaling release indication causefield. The signaling release indication cause field includes at leastthat the signaling release indication is based on an abnormal conditionor state and one embodiment includes the specific timer that timed outto result in the abnormal condition.

Conversely, if in steps 912 the UE finds that no abnormal conditionexists, the UE proceeds to step 920 in which it checks whether furtherdata is expected at the UE. This can, as described above, include whenan email is sent and confirmation of the sending of the email isreceived back at the UE. Other examples of where the UE will determinethat no further data is expected would be known to those skilled in theart.

If in step 920 the UE determines that the data transfer is finished (orin the case of a circuit switched domain that a call is finished) the UEproceeds to step 922 in which it sends a signaling connection releaseindication in which the signaling release indication cause field hasbeen added and includes the fact that the UE requested an idletransition or simply indicate an end to the PS session.

From step 920, if the data is not finished the UE loops back andcontinues to check whether an abnormal condition exists in step 912 andwhether the data is finished in step 920.

Once the signaling connection release indication is sent in step 914 orstep 922, the process proceeds to step 930 and ends.

The UE includes functional elements, implementable, for instance, byapplications or algorithms carried out through operation of a UEmicroprocessor or by hardware implementation, that form a checker and atransition indication sender. The checker is configured to check whethera transition indication should be sent. And, a transition indicationsender is configured to send a transition indication responsive to anindication by the checker that the transition indication should be sent.The transition indication may include a transition indication causefield.

In one implementation, the network is, instead, implicitly made aware oftiming out of a timer, and the UE need not send a cause value indicatingthe timing out of the timer. That is to say, the timer starts timingupon authorization of the network. Cause codes are defined, and thecause codes are provided by the network to the UE. Such cause codes areused by the UE to initiate the timer. The network is implicitly aware ofthe reason for subsequent timing out of the timer as the cause code sentearlier by the network causes the timer to start timing. As a result,the UE need not send a cause value indicating the timing out of thetimer.

As suggested by FIG. 9 as well as the foregoing description, a cause isincludable and sent together with a transition indication (e.g. asignaling connection release indication) to indicate: 1.) an abnormalcondition as well as 2.) a normal condition (not an abnormal conditionsuch as for example a request for a PS data session end and/or atransition to an idle mode)). In various implementations, therefore,operations at the UE provide for the adding of the cause to thetransition indication to indicate an abnormal condition, or,alternately, to indicate a preference for a request of an idletransition or of a PS data session end, i.e., normal operation. Suchoperation, of course, also includes UE operation in which a cause isadded to the transition indication only when an indication of anabnormal condition is to be made. And, conversely, such operation alsoincludes UE operation in which a cause is added to a transitionindication only to indicate normal, i.e., non-abnormal, operations andtransactions. That is to say, with respect to FIG. 9, in suchalternative operation, if, at step 912, an abnormal condition exists,the yes branch is taken to the step 914 while, if an abnormal conditiondoes not exist, then the UE proceeds directly to the end step 930.Conversely, in the other such alternative operation, subsequent to thestart step 912 a path is taken directly to the data finished step 920.If the data is finished, the yes branch is taken to the step 920 and,thereafter, to the step 930. If the data is not finished at the step920, the no branch is taken back to the same step, i.e., step 920.

Referring to FIG. 10, when a network element receives the transitionindication in step 1010 (e.g. a signaling connection release indicationas shown), the network element examines the transition indication causefield if present in step 1014 and in step 1016 checks whether the causeis an abnormal cause or whether it is due to the UE requesting an idletransition and/or PS data session end. If, in step 1016, the signalingconnection release indication is of abnormal cause, the network nodeproceeds to step 1020 in which an alarm is noted for performancemonitoring and alarm monitoring purposes. The key performance indicatorcan be updated appropriately.

Conversely, if in step 1016 the cause of the transition indication (e.g.signaling connection release indication) is not a result of an abnormalcondition, or in other words is a result of the UE requesting a PS datasession end or idle transition, the network node proceeds to step 1030in which no alarm is raised and the indication can be filtered from theperformance statistics, thereby preventing the performance statisticsfrom being skewed. From step 1020 or step 1030 the network node proceedsto step 1040 in which the process ends.

The reception and examination of the transition indication may, based ona radio resource profile for the UE, result in the initiation by thenetwork element of packet switched data connection termination oralternatively to a transition into another more suitable state.

As suggested above, in some implementations, the absence of a cause in atransition indication may also be used to determine whether thetransition indication is a result of a normal or an abnormal conditionand whether an alarm must be raised. For example, if a cause is addedonly to denote normal conditions (ie. non-abnormal such as for e.g. arequest for PS data session end and/or transition to idle mode), and thenetwork element receives a transition indication with no cause added,the network element may infer from the absence of a cause that thetransition indication is a result of an abnormal condition and raise analarm. Conversely, in another example, if a cause is added only todenote abnormal conditions, and the network element receives atransition indication with no cause, the network element may infer fromthe absence of a cause that the transition indication is a result of anormal condition (e.g. request for PS data session end and/or transitionto idle mode) and not raise an alarm.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, step 1020 can beused to further distinguish between various alarm conditions. Forexample, a T3310 time out could be used to keep a first set ofstatistics and a T3330 time out could be used to keep a second set ofstatistics. Step 1020 can distinguish between the causes of the abnormalcondition, thereby allowing the network operator to track performancemore efficiently.

The network includes functional elements, implementable, for instance,by applications or algorithms carried out through operation of aprocessor or by hardware implementation, that form an examiner and analarm generator. The examiner is configured to examine a transitionindication cause field of the transition indication. The examiner checkswhether the transition indication cause field indicates an abnormalcondition. The alarm generator is configured to selectably generate analarm if examination by the examiner determines the signaling connectionrelease indication cause field indicates the abnormal condition.

In one implementation, upon reception of a signaling connection releaseindication, the UTRAN forwards the cause that is received and requests,from upper layers, for the release of the signaling connection. Theupper layers then are able to initiate the release of the signalingconnection. The IE signaling release indication cause indicates the UE'supper layer cause to trigger the RRC of the UE to send the message. Thecause is possibly the result of an abnormal upper layer procedure.Differentiation of the cause of the message is assured throughsuccessful reception of the IE.

A possible scenario includes a scenario in which, prior to confirmationby the RLC of successful delivery of the signaling connection releaseindication message, reestablishment of the transmitting side of the RLCentity on the signaling radio bearer RB2 occurs. In the event of such anoccurrence, the UE retransmits the signaling connection releaseindication message, e.g., on the uplink DCCH using AM RLC on signalingradio bearer RB2. In the event that an inter-RAT (radio accesstechnology) handover from UTRAN procedure occurs prior to confirmationby the RLC of the successful delivery of the signaling connectionrelease indication or request message, the UE aborts the signalingconnection when in the new RAT.

In a further embodiment, instead of a “signaling connection releaseindication or request”, a “preferred state request” could be utilized.Functionality similar to that described in FIGS. 9 and 10 above would beapplicable to this preferred state request indication.

In one embodiment, the preferred state request indication is used by theUE to give information to the UTRAN on a preferred RRC State, when it isaware that it is unlikely to need to send any more PS domain data for aprolonged duration, and in the case of no CS domain data for example.Such a message is sent from the UE to UTRAN on the DCCH using AM RLC,for example. An exemplary message is shown below.

IE type Information and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multireference description Message Type MP Message type UE InformationElements Preferred RRC state MP Preferred request cause RRC stateindication cause

Preferred RRC State Request

A preferred RRC state indication cause information element is used bythe UE to provide information to the UTRAN on a preferred RRC statefollowing a trigger such as an application trigger, data transfer beingcomplete, or other triggers as described herein. The IE could look like:

Information Type and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multi referencedescription Preferred RRC state MP Enumerated 1 spare value isindication cause (idle, needed Cell_PCH, URA_PCH, Cell_FACH)

Reference is now made to FIG. 20. FIG. 20 illustrates the embodimentwithin which a preferred state request is sent from the UE to the UTRAN.The process starts at step 2010 and proceeds to step 2012 in which acheck is made on the UE to determine whether the conditions at the UEare appropriate to send a change state request. Such conditions aredescribed in the present disclosure, for example with reference to FIG.11 below, and could include one or more applications on the UEdetermining that they are finished with data exchange.

If, in step 2012, the conditions are not appropriate to send the changestate request the process loops on itself and continues to monitor untilconditions are appropriate to send the change state request.

Once the conditions are appropriate the process proceeds to step 2020 inwhich a preferred state request is sent to the UTRAN. An exemplarypreferred state request is shown in the tables above.

The process then proceeds to step 2022 in which a check is made todetermine whether the preferred state request was successful. As wouldbe appreciated by those skilled in the art this could mean that theUTRAN has successfully received the preferred state request and hasinitiated a state transition to a state indicated by the UE. If yes, theprocess proceeds to step 2030 and ends.

Conversely, if it is determined in step 2022 that the request was notsuccessful the process proceeds to step 2024 and waits for a timeperiod. Such a wait could be implemented using an “inhibit duration”that would not allow the mobile to send another preferred state requestmessage before a given duration has elapsed. Alternatively, the processcould limit the number of preferred state request messages within agiven time period (e.g. no more than 15 messages in 10 minutes). Acombination of the inhibition duration and limiting the number ofmessages in a time duration could also be combined.

The duration could be predetermined, such as a value defined in thestandards, could be set by a network element, for example, as part of aRRC connection request, a RRC connection release, a radio bearer set upor system information broadcast message. Further, the duration could beset based on a parameter within the preferred state request message.Thus, the duration could be longer if the UE is requesting a transitionto Cell_PCH rather than Idle.

The signaling of the duration by a network element could take the formof an information element such as:

Information Type and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multi referencedescription Inhibit Preferred RRC OP Enumerated State Request (30 secs,1 min, 1 min 30 secs, 2 mins)

Inhibit Preferred RRC State Request

Once the process has waited for a predetermined time in step 2024 theprocess proceeds back to step 2012 to determine whether the conditionsfor sending a preferred state request still exist. If yes, the processloops back to step 2020 and 2022.

An exception may occur on RLC re-establishment or inter-RAT change. If are-establishment of the transmitting side of the RLC entity occursbefore the successful delivery of the preferred RRC state requestmessage has been confirmed by the RLC, in one embodiment the UEretransmits the preferred RRC state request message on the uplink DCCHusing AM RLC.

In one embodiment, if an inter-RAT handover from UTRAN procedure occursbefore the successful delivery of the preferred RRC state requestmessage has been confirmed by the RLC the UE aborts the signalingconnection while in the new RAT.

On the network side, the process is handled similarly to that describedwith reference to FIG. 18 below.

Referring again to FIG. 1, in some cases it may be more desirable to bein the connected mode 120 in a state such as URA_PCH state 128 than inidle mode 110. For example, if the latency for connection to theCELL_DCH state 122 or the CELL_FACH state 124 in connected mode 120 isrequired to be lower, it is preferable to be in a connected mode 120 PCHstate. There are a number of ways of accomplishing this such as, forexample, by changing the 3GPP specifications to allow for the UE torequest the UTRAN move it to a specific state (e.g. in this case theURA_PCH state 128).

Alternatively, the connection manager may take into account otherfactors such as what state the RRC connection is currently in. If, forexample, the RRC connection is in the URA_PCH state it may decide thatit is unnecessary to move to idle mode 110 and thus no Signalingconnection release procedure is initiated.

In a further alternative, the network element (e.g. the UTRAN) mayitself take into account other factors such as what state the RRCconnection is currently in and if, for example, the RRC connection is inthe URA_PCH state it may decide that it is unnecessary to move to idlemode 110 and instead simply transition the UE into a more suitable stateinstead of releasing the connection.

Reference is made to FIG. 4. FIG. 4A shows a current UMTS implementationaccording to the infrastructure “four” example above. As illustrated inFIG. 4, time is across the horizontal axes.

The UE starts in RRC idle state 110 and based on local data needing tobe transmitted or a page received from the UTRAN, starts to establish anRRC connection.

As illustrated in FIG. 4A, RRC connection setup 310 occurs first, andthe RRC state is in a connecting state 410 during this time.

Next, signaling connections setup 312, ciphering an integrity setup 314,and radio bearer setup 316 occurs. The RRC state is CELL_DCH state 122during this. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, the time for moving from RRCidle to the time that the radio bearer is setup is approximately twoseconds in this example.

Data is next exchanged. In the example of FIG. 4A this is achieved inabout two to four seconds and is illustrated by step 420.

After data is exchanged in step 420, no data is being exchanged exceptfor intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required and thus the radioresource is reconfigured by the network to move into a lower data rateDCH configuration after approximately ten seconds. This is illustratedin steps 422 and 424.

In the lower data rate DCH configuration, nothing is received forseventeen seconds, at which point the RRC connection is released by thenetwork in step 428.

Once the RRC connection release is initiated in step 428, the RRC stateproceeds to a disconnecting state 430 for approximately fortymilliseconds, after which the UE is in a RRC idle state 110.

Also illustrated in FIG. 4A, the UE current consumption is illustratedfor the period in which the RRC is in CELL_DCH state 122. As seen, thecurrent consumption is approximately 200 to 300 milliamps for the entireduration of the CELL_DCH state. During disconnect and idle, about 3milliamps are utilized, assuming a DRX cycle of 1.28 seconds. However,the 35 seconds of current consumption at 200 to 300 milliamps isdraining on the battery.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4B. FIG. 4B utilizes the same exemplaryinfrastructure “four” from above, only now implementing the signalingconnection release

As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the same setup steps 310, 312, 314 and 316occur and this takes the same amount of time when moving between RRCidle state 110 and RRC CELL_DCH state 122.

Further, the RRC data PDU exchange for the exemplary email at step 420of FIG. 4A is also done at FIG. 4B and this takes approximately two tofour seconds.

The UE in the example of FIG. 4B has an application specific inactivitytimeout, which in the example of FIG. 4B is two seconds and isillustrated by step 440. After the connection manager has determinedthat there is inactivity for the specific amount of time, the UE sends atransition indication, which in this case in a signaling connectionrelease indication in step 442 and in step 448, the network proceeds,based on the receipt of the indication and on a radio resource profilefor the UE, to release the RRC connection.

As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the current consumption during the CELL_DCHstep 122 is still about 200 to 300 milliamps. However, the connectiontime is only about eight seconds. As will appreciated by those skilledin the art, the considerably shorter amount of time that the mobilestays in the cell DCH state 122 results in significant battery savingsfor an always on UE device.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows a second example using theinfrastructure indicated above as Infrastructure “three”. As with FIGS.4A and 4B, a connection setup occurs which takes approximately twoseconds. This requires the RRC connection setup 310, the signalingconnection setup 312, the ciphering and integrity setup 314 and theradio bearer setup 316.

During this setup, the UE moves from RRC idle mode 110 to a CELL_DCHstate 122 with a RRC state connecting step 410 in between.

As with FIG. 4A, in FIG. 5A RLC data PDU exchange occurs at step 420,and in the example of FIG. 5A takes two to four seconds.

According to the infrastructure three, RLC signaling PDU exchangereceives no data and thus is idle for period of five seconds in step422, except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as required, at whichpoint the radio resource reconfigures the UE to move into a CELL_FACHstate 124 from CELL_DCH state 122. This is done in step 450.

In the CELL_FACH state 124, the RLC signaling PDU exchange finds thatthere is no data except for intermittent RLC signaling PDU as requiredfor a predetermined amount of time, in this case thirty seconds, atwhich point a RRC connection release by network is performed in step428.

As seen in FIG. 5A, this moves the RRC state to idle mode 110.

As further seen in FIG. 5A, the current consumption during the DCH modeis between 200 and 300 milliamps. When moving into CELL_FACH state 124the current consumption lowers to approximately 120 to 180 milliamps.After the RRC connector is released and the RRC moves into idle mode 110the power consumption is approximately 3 milliamps.

The UTRA RRC Connected Mode state being CELL_DCH state 122 or CELL_FACHstate 124 lasts for approximately forty seconds in the example of FIG.5A.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B illustrates the sameinfrastructure “three” as FIG. 5A with the same connection time of abouttwo seconds to get the RRC connection setup 310, signaling connectionsetup 312, ciphering integrity setup 314 and radio bearer setup 316.Further, RLC data PDU exchange 420 take approximately two to fourseconds.

As with FIG. 4B, a UE application detects a specific inactivity timeoutin step 440, at which point the transition indication (e.g. Signalingconnection release indication 442) is sent by the UE and as aconsequence, the network releases the RRC connection in step 448.

As can be seen further in FIG. 5B, the RRC starts in a idle mode 110,moves to a CELL_DCH state 122 without proceeding into the CELL_FACHstate.

As will be seen further in FIG. 5B, current consumption is approximately200 to 300 milliamps in the time that the RRC stage is in CELL_DCH state122 which according to the example of FIG. 5 is approximate eightseconds.

Therefore, a comparison between FIGS. 4A and 4B, and FIGS. 5A and 5Bshows that a significant amount of current consumption is eliminated,thereby extending the battery life of the UE. As will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art, the above can further be used in the contextof current 3GPP specs.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates a protocol stack fora UMTS network.

As seen in FIG. 6, the UMTS includes a CS control plane 610, PS controlplane 611, and PS user plane 630

Within these three planes, a non-access stratum (NAS) portion 614 and anaccess stratum portion 616 exist.

NAS portion 614 in CS control plane 610 includes a call control (CC)618, supplementary services (SS) 620, and short message service (SMS)622.

NAS portion 614 in PS control plane 611 includes both mobilitymanagement (MM) and GPRS mobility management (GMM) 626. It furtherincludes session management/radio access bearer management SM/RABM 624and GSMS 628.

CC 618 provides for call management signaling for circuit switchedservices. The session management portion of SM/RABM 624 provides for PDPcontext activation, deactivation and modification. SM/RABM 624 alsoprovides for quality of service negotiation.

The main function of the RABM portion of the SM/RABM 624 is to connect aPDP context to a Radio Access Bearer. Thus SM/RABM 624 is responsiblefor the setup, modification and release of radio resources.

CS control plane 610 and PS control plane 611, in the access stratum 616sit on radio resource control (RRC) 617.

NAS portion 614 in PS user plane 630 includes an application layer 638,TCP/UDP layer 636, and PDP layer 634. PDP layer 634 can, for example,include Internet Protocol (IP).

Access Stratum 616, in PS user plane 630 includes packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) 632. PDCP 632 is designed to make the WCDMAprotocol suitable to carry TCP/IP protocol between UE and RNC (as seenin FIG. 8), and is optionally for IP traffic stream protocol headercompression and decompression.

The UMTS Radio Link Control (RLC) 640 and Medium Access Control (MAC)layers 650 form the data link sub-layers of the UMTS radio interface andreside on the RNC node and the User Equipment.

The Layer 1 (L1) UMTS layer (physical layer 660) is below the RLC/MAClayers 640 and 650. This layer is the physical layer for communications.

While the above can be implemented on a variety of mobile or wirelessdevices, an example of one mobile device is outlined below with respectto FIG. 7. Reference is now made to FIG. 7.

UE 700 is preferably a two-way wireless communication device having atleast voice and data communication capabilities. UE 700 preferably hasthe capability to communicate with other computer systems on theInternet. Depending on the exact functionality provided, the wirelessdevice may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way pager, awireless e-mail device, a cellular telephone with data messagingcapabilities, a wireless Internet appliance, or a data communicationdevice, as examples.

Where UE 700 is enabled for two-way communication, it will incorporate acommunication subsystem 711, including both a receiver 712 and atransmitter 714, as well as associated components such as one or more,preferably embedded or internal, antenna elements 716 and 718, localoscillators (LOs) 713, and a processing module such as a digital signalprocessor (DSP) 720. As will be apparent to those skilled in the fieldof communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem711 will be dependent upon the communication network in which the deviceis intended to operate. For example, UE 700 may include a communicationsubsystem 711 designed to operate within the GPRS network or UMTSnetwork.

Network access requirements will also vary depending upon the type ofnetwork 719. For example, In UMTS and GPRS networks, network access isassociated with a subscriber or user of UE 700. For example, a GPRSmobile device therefore requires a subscriber identity module (SIM) cardin order to operate on a GPRS network. In UMTS a USIM or SIM module isrequired. In CDMA a RUIM card or module is required. These will bereferred to as a UIM interface herein. Without a valid UIM interface, amobile device may not be fully functional. Local or non-networkcommunication functions, as well as legally required functions (if any)such as emergency calling, may be available, but mobile device 700 willbe unable to carry out any other functions involving communications overthe network 700. The UIM interface 744 is normally similar to acard-slot into which a card can be inserted and ejected like a disketteor PCMCIA card. The UIM card can have approximately 64K of memory andhold many key configuration 751, and other information 753 such asidentification, and subscriber related information.

When required network registration or activation procedures have beencompleted, UE 700 may send and receive communication signals over thenetwork 719. Signals received by antenna 716 through communicationnetwork 719 are input to receiver 712, which may perform such commonreceiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion,filtering, channel selection and the like, and in the example systemshown in FIG. 7, analog to digital (A/D) conversion. A/D conversion of areceived signal allows more complex communication functions such asdemodulation and decoding to be performed in the DSP 720. In a similarmanner, signals to be transmitted are processed, including modulationand encoding for example, by DSP 720 and input to transmitter 714 fordigital to analog conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering,amplification and transmission over the communication network 719 viaantenna 718. DSP 720 not only processes communication signals, but alsoprovides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gainsapplied to communication signals in receiver 712 and transmitter 714 maybe adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithmsimplemented in DSP 720.

Network 719 may further communicate with multiple systems, including aserver 760 and other elements (not shown). For example, network 719 maycommunicate with both an enterprise system and a web client system inorder to accommodate various clients with various service levels.

UE 700 preferably includes a microprocessor 738, which controls theoverall operation of the device. Communication functions, including atleast data communications, are performed through communication subsystem711. Microprocessor 738 also interacts with further device subsystemssuch as the display 722, flash memory 724, random access memory (RAM)726, auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems 728, serial port 730,keyboard 732, speaker 734, microphone 736, a short-range communicationssubsystem 740 and any other device subsystems generally designated as742.

Some of the subsystems shown in FIG. 7 perform communication-relatedfunctions, whereas other subsystems may provide “resident” or on-devicefunctions. Notably, some subsystems, such as keyboard 732 and display722, for example, may be used for both communication-related functions,such as entering a text message for transmission over a communicationnetwork, and device-resident functions such as a calculator or tasklist.

Operating system software used by the microprocessor 738 is preferablystored in a persistent store such as flash memory 724, which may insteadbe a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown).Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system,specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarilyloaded into a volatile memory such as RAM 726. Received communicationsignals may also be stored in RAM 726. Further, a unique identifier isalso preferably stored in read-only memory.

As shown, flash memory 724 can be segregated into different areas forboth computer programs 758 and program data storage 750, 752, 754 and756. These different storage types indicate that each program canallocate a portion of flash memory 724 for their own data storagerequirements. Microprocessor 738, in addition to its operating systemfunctions, preferably enables execution of software applications on themobile device. A predetermined set of applications that control basicoperations, including at least data and voice communication applicationsfor example, will normally be installed on UE 700 during manufacturing.A preferred software application may be a personal information manager(PIM) application having the ability to organize and manage data itemsrelating to the user of the mobile device such as, but not limited to,e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items.Naturally, one or more memory stores would be available on the mobiledevice to facilitate storage of PIM data items. Such PIM applicationwould preferably have the ability to send and receive data items, viathe wireless network 719. In a preferred embodiment, the PIM data itemsare seamlessly integrated, synchronized and updated, via the wirelessnetwork 719, with the mobile device user's corresponding data itemsstored or associated with a host computer system. Further applicationsmay also be loaded onto the mobile device 700 through the network 719,an auxiliary I/O subsystem 728, serial port 730, short-rangecommunications subsystem 740 or any other suitable subsystem 742, andinstalled by a user in the RAM 726 or preferably a non-volatile store(not shown) for execution by the microprocessor 738. Such flexibility inapplication installation increases the functionality of the device andmay provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-relatedfunctions, or both. For example, secure communication applications mayenable electronic commerce functions and other such financialtransactions to be performed using the UE 700. These applications willhowever, according to the above, in many cases need to be approved by acarrier.

In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text messageor web page download will be processed by the communication subsystem711 and input to the microprocessor 738, which preferably furtherprocesses the received signal for output to the display 722, oralternatively to an auxiliary I/O device 728. A user of UE 700 may alsocompose data items such as email messages for example, using thekeyboard 732, which is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard ortelephone-type keypad, in conjunction with the display 722 and possiblyan auxiliary I/O device 728. Such composed items may then be transmittedover a communication network through the communication subsystem 711.

For voice communications, overall operation of UE 700 is similar, exceptthat received signals would preferably be output to a speaker 734 andsignals for transmission would be generated by a microphone 736.Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice messagerecording subsystem, may also be implemented on UE 700. Although voiceor audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through thespeaker 734, display 722 may also be used to provide an indication ofthe identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or othervoice call related information for example.

Serial port 730 in FIG. 7 would normally be implemented in a personaldigital assistant (PDA)-type mobile device for which synchronizationwith a user's desktop computer (not shown) may be desirable. Such a port730 would enable a user to set preferences through an external device orsoftware application and would extend the capabilities of mobile device700 by providing for information or software downloads to UE 700 otherthan through a wireless communication network. The alternate downloadpath may for example be used to load an encryption key onto the devicethrough a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to therebyenable secure device communication.

Alternatively, serial port 730 could be used for other communications,and could include as a universal serial bus (USB) port. An interface isassociated with serial port 730.

Other communications subsystems 740, such as a short-rangecommunications subsystem, is a further optional component which mayprovide for communication between UE 700 and different systems ordevices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, thesubsystem 740 may include an infrared device and associated circuits andcomponents or a Bluetooth™ communication module to provide forcommunication with similarly enabled systems and devices.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of acommunication system 800 that includes a UE 802 which communicatesthrough the wireless communication network.

UE 802 communicates wirelessly with one of multiple Node Bs 806. EachNode B 806 is responsible for air interface processing and some radioresource management functions. Node B 806 provides functionality similarto a Base Transceiver Station in a GSM/GPRS networks.

The wireless link shown in communication system 800 of FIG. 8 representsone or more different channels, typically different radio frequency (RF)channels, and associated protocols used between the wireless network andUE 802. A Uu air interface 804 is used between UE 802 and Node B 806.

An RF channel is a limited resource that must be conserved, typicallydue to limits in overall bandwidth and a limited battery power of UE802. Those skilled in art will appreciate that a wireless network inactual practice may include hundreds of cells depending upon desiredoverall expanse of network coverage. All pertinent components may beconnected by multiple switches and routers (not shown), controlled bymultiple network controllers.

Each Node B 806 communicates with a radio network controller (RNC) 810.The RNC 810 is responsible for control of the radio resources in itsarea. One RNC 810 controls multiple Node Bs 806.

The RNC 810 in UMTS networks provides functions equivalent to the BaseStation Controller (BSC) functions in GSM/GPRS networks. However, an RNC810 includes more intelligence, including, for example, autonomoushandovers management without involving MSCs and SGSNs.

The interface used between Node B 806 and RNC 810 is an lub interface808. An NBAP (Node B application part) signaling protocol is primarilyused, as defined in 3GPP TS 25.433 V3.11.0 (2002-09) and 3GPP TS 25.433V5.7.0 (2004-01).

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 820 comprises the RNC810, Node B 806 and the Uu air interface 804.

Circuit switched traffic is routed to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) 830.MSC 830 is the computer that places the calls, and takes and receivesdata from the subscriber or from PSTN (not shown).

Traffic between RNC 810 and MSC 830 uses the lu-CS interface 828. lu-CSinterface 828 is the circuit-switched connection for carrying(typically) voice traffic and signaling between UTRAN 820 and the corevoice network. The main signaling protocol used is RANAP (Radio AccessNetwork Application Part). The RANAP protocol is used in UMTS signalingbetween the Core Network 821, which can be a MSC 830 or SGSN 850(defined in more detail below) and UTRAN 820. RANAP protocol is definedin 3GPP TS 25.413 V3.11.1 (2002-09) and TS 25.413 V5.7.0 (2004-01).

For all UEs 802 registered with a network operator, permanent data (suchas UE 802 user's profile) as well as temporary data (such as UE's 802current location) are stored in a home location registry (HLR) 838. Incase of a voice call to UE 802, HLR 838 is queried to determine thecurrent location of UE 802. A Visitor Location Register (VLR) 836 of MSC830 is responsible for a group of location areas and stores the data ofthose mobile stations that are currently in its area of responsibility.This includes parts of the permanent mobile station data that have beentransmitted from HLR 838 to the VLR 836 for faster access. However, theVLR 836 of MSC 830 may also assign and store local data, such astemporary identifications. UE 802 is also authenticated on system accessby HLR 838.

Packet data is routed through Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 850. SGSN850 is the gateway between the RNC and the core network in a GPRS/UMTSnetwork and is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and tothe UEs within its geographical service area. lu-PS interface 848 isused between the RNC 810 and SGSN 850, and is the packet-switchedconnection for carrying (typically) data traffic and signaling betweenthe UTRAN 820 and the core data network. The main signaling protocolused is RANAP (described above).

The SGSN 850 communicates with the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 860.GGSN 860 is the interface between the UMTS/GPRS network and othernetworks such as the Internet or private networks. GGSN 860 is connectedto a public data network PDN 870 over a Gi interface.

Those skilled in art will appreciate that wireless network may beconnected to other systems, possibly including other networks, notexplicitly shown in FIG. 8. A network will normally be transmitting atvery least some sort of paging and system information on an ongoingbasis, even if there is no actual packet data exchanged. Although thenetwork consists of many parts, these parts all work together to resultin certain behaviours at the wireless link.

FIG. 11 illustrates a representation, shown generally at 1102,representative of operation of the UE pursuant to multiple, concurrentpacket data communication service sessions. Here, two packet dataservices, each associated with a particular PDP context designated asPDP₁ and PDP₂ are concurrently active. The plot 1104 represents the PDPcontext activated to the first packet data service, and the plot 1106represents the radio resource allocated to the first packet dataservice. And, the plot 1108 represents the PDP context activated to thesecond packet data service, and the plot 1112 represents the radioresource allocated to the second packet data service. The UE requestsradio access bearer allocation by way of a service request, indicated bythe segments 1114. And, the UE also requests radio bearer servicerelease, indicated by the segments 1116 pursuant to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The service requests and service releases for theseparate services are independent of one another, that is to say, aregenerated independently. In the exemplary illustration of FIG. 11, thePDP context and the radio resource for the associated PDP context areassigned at substantially concurrent times. And, the radio resourcerelease is granted upon request by the UE, as shown, or when the RNC(Radio Network Controller) decides to release the radio resource.

Responsive to a radio resource release request, or other decision torelease the radio resource, the network selectably tears down the radioresource associated with the packet data service. Radio release requestsare made on a radio access bearer-by-radio access bearer basis and noton an entire signaling connection basis, thereby permitting improvedgranularity control of resource allocation.

In the exemplary implementation, a single packet data service is furtherformable as a primary service and one or more secondary services, suchas indicated by the designations 1118 and 1122. The radio resourcerelease is further permitting of identifying which of one or moreprimary and secondary services whose radio resource allocations are nolonger needed, or otherwise are desired to be released. Efficient radioresource allocation is thereby provided. In addition, optimalutilization of the processor on the UE is provided since the processorpower that would have been allocated to unnecessary processing can nowbe better utilized for other purposes.

FIG. 12 illustrates parts of the communication system 800, namely, theUE 802 and the radio network controller (RNC)/SGSN 810/850 that operatepursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure pertaining to themultiple, contiguous packet data service sessions. The UE includesapparatus 1126 and the RNC/SGSN includes apparatus 1128 of an embodimentof the present disclosure. The elements forming the apparatus 1126 and1128 are functionally represented, implementable in any desired manner,including by algorithms executable by processing circuitry as well ashardware or firmware implementations. The elements of the apparatus1128, while represented to be embodied at the RNC/SGSN, are, in otherimplementations, formed elsewhere at other network locations, ordistributed across more than one network location.

The apparatus 1126 includes a detector 1132 and a transition indicationsender 1134. In one exemplary implementation, the elements 1132 and 1134are embodied at a session management layer, e.g., the Non-Access Stratum(NAS) layer defined in UMTS, of the UE.

In another exemplary implementation, the elements are embodied at anAccess Stratum (AS) sublayer. When implemented at the AS sublayer, theelements are implemented as part of a connection manager, shown at 1136.When implemented in this manner, the elements need not be aware of thePDP context behavior or of the application layer behavior.

The detector detects when a determination is made to send a transitionindication associated with a packet communication service. Thedetermination is made, e.g., at an application layer, or other logicallayer, and provided to the session management layer and the detectorembodied thereat. Indications of detections made by the detector areprovided to the radio resource release indication sender. The sendergenerates and causes the UE to send a transition indication that formsthe service release request 1116, shown in FIG. 11.

In a further implementation, the transition indication includes a causefield containing a cause, such as any of the aforementioned causesdescribed here and above, as appropriate or the cause field identifies apreferred state into which the UE prefers the network to cause the UE tobe transitioned.

The apparatus 1128 embodied at the network includes an examiner 1142 anda grantor 1144. The examiner examines the transition indication, whenreceived thereat. And, the transition grantor 1144 operates selectablyto transition the UE as requested in the transition indication.

In an implementation in which the signaling is performed at a radioresource control (RRC) layer, the radio network controller, rather thanthe SGSN performs the examination and transitioning of the UE. And,correspondingly, the apparatus embodied at the UE is formed at the RRClayer, or the apparatus otherwise causes the generated indication to besent at the RRC level.

In an exemplary control flow, a higher layer informs the NAS/RRC layer,as appropriate, that the radio resource is allocated to a particular PDPcontext is no longer required. An RRC-layer indication message is sentto the network. The message includes an RAB ID or RB ID that, e.g.,identifies the packet data service, to the radio network controller.And, in response, operation of the radio network controller triggers aprocedure to resolve to end the radio resource release, radio resourcereconfiguration, or radio resource control connection release message tobe returned to the UE. The RNC procedure is, e.g., similar, orequivalent to, the procedure set forth in 3GPP document TS 23.060,Section 9.2.5. The RAB ID is, e.g., advantageously utilized as the ID isthe same as the Network Service Access Point Identifier (NSAPI) whichidentifies the associated PDP context, and application layers aregenerally aware of the NSAPI.

In a specific example, a radio resource release indication formed at, orotherwise provided to the RRC layer, and sent at the RRC layer isrepresented, together with associated information, below. The indicationwhen embodied at the RRC layer is also referred to as, e.g., a radioresource release indication.

IE type Information and Semantics Element/Group name Need Multireference description Message Type MP Message type UE InformationElements Integrity check info CH Integrity check info RAB InformationRAB List for release MP 1 to indication maxRABIDs >RAB ID for release MPRAB ID indication Preferred RRC state OP RRC state

FIG. 13 illustrates a message sequence diagram, shown generally at 1137,representing exemplary signaling generated pursuant to release of radioresources associated with a PDP context, such as that shown graphicallyin part of the graphical representation shown in FIG. 11. Release isinitiated either by the UE or at the RNC, or other UTRAN entity. Wheninitiated at the UE, e.g., the UE sends a radio resource releaseindication to the UTRAN.

Upon initiation, a radio access bearer (RAB) release request isgenerated, and sent, indicated by the segment 1138 by the RNC/UTRAN anddelivered to the SGSN. In response, an RAB assignment request isreturned, indicated by the segment 1140, to the RNC/UTRAN. And, then, asindicated by the segment 1142, the radio resources extending between theUE 802 and the UTRAN are released. A response is then sent, as indicatedby segment 1144.

FIG. 14 illustrates a message sequence diagram shown generally at 1147,similar to the message sequence diagram shown in FIG. 13, but here inwhich resources of a final PDP context are released. Upon initiation,the RNC generates an lu release request 1150 is communicated to the SGSNand responsive thereto, the SGSN returns an lu release command,indicated by the segment 1152. Thereafter, and as indicated by thesegments 1154, the radio bearer formed between the UE and the UTRAN isreleased. And, as indicated by the segment 1156, the RNC/UTRAN returnsan lu release complete to the SGSN.

FIG. 15 illustrates a method flow diagram, shown generally at 1162,representative of the process of an embodiment of the present disclosureto release radio resources allocated pursuant to a PDP context.

After start of the process, indicated by the block 1164, a determinationis made, indicated by the decision block 1166 as to whether a radioresource release indication has been received. If not, the no branch istaken to the end block 1168.

If, conversely, a radio access bearer release has been requested, theyes branch is taken to the decision block 1172. At the decision block1172, a determination is made as to whether the radio access bearer thatis to be released is the final radio access bearer to be released. Ifnot, the no branch is taken to the block 1178, and the preferred stateis set. Then radio access bearer release procedures are performed, suchas that shown in FIG. 13 or such as that described in 3GPP documentSection 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.1.

Conversely, if a determination is made at the decision block 1172 thatthe RAB is the last to be released, the yes branch is taken to the block1186, an lu release procedure, such as that shown in FIG. 14 or such asthat described in 3GPP document section 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.2 isperformed.

FIG. 16 illustrates a method flow diagram, shown generally at 1192,representative of the process of an embodiment of the present disclosureto release radio resources allocated pursuant to a PDP context.

After start of the process, indicated by the block 1194, a determinationis made, indicated by the decision block 1196 as to whether there is anRAB (Radio access Bearer) to release. If not, the no branch is taken tothe end block 1198.

If, conversely, a radio access bearer release has been requested, theyes branch is taken to the decision block 1202. At the decision block1202, a determination is made as to whether the radio access bearer thatis to be released is the final radio access bearer to be released. Ifnot, the no branch is taken to the block 1204, where the RAB list isset, block 1206 where the preferred state is set, and block 1208 whereradio access bearer release procedures are performed, such as that shownin FIG. 13 or such as that described in 3GPP document Section 23.060,subclause 9.2.5.1.1.

Conversely, if a determination is made at the decision block 1202 thatthe RAB is the last to be released, the yes branch is taken to the block1212, and the domain is set to PC (Packet Switch). Then, as indicated byblock 1214, a release cause is set. And, as indicated by the block 1216,a signaling connection release indication is sent on a DCCH. An lurelease procedure, such as that shown in FIG. 14 or such as thatdescribed in 3GPP document section 23.060, subclause 9.2.5.1.2 isperformed.

FIG. 17 illustrates a method, shown generally at 1224, representative ofthe method of operation of an embodiment of the present disclosure. Themethod facilitates efficient utilization of radio resources in a radiocommunication system that provides for concurrent running of a firstpacket service and a second packet service. First, and as indicated bythe block 1226, detection is made of selection to release a radioresource associated with a selected packet service of the first packetservice and the second packet service. Then, and as indicated by theblock 1228, a radio resource release indication is sent responsive tothe detection of the selection to release the radio resource.

Then, at block 1212 the radio resource release indication is examinedand then at block 1214 the grant of the release of the radio bearer isselectably granted.

In a further embodiment, the network may initiate a transition based onboth the receipt of an indication from the user equipment or anothernetwork element and on a radio resource profile for the user equipment.

An indication as received from the user equipment or other networkelement could be any of the different transition indications describedabove. The indication can be passive and thus be merely a blankindication that a less battery intensive radio state should be entered.Alternatively the indication could be part of the regular indicationssent from the UE which the network determines, possibly over time or anumber of received indications, and the UE's radio resource profile thata less battery or radio resource intensive radio state should beentered. Alternatively, the indication could be dynamic and provideinformation to the network element about a preferred state or mode inwhich to transition. As with the above, the indication could contain acause for the indication (e.g. normal or abnormal). In a furtherembodiment, the indication could provide other information about a radioresource profile, such as a probability that the user equipment iscorrect about the ability to transition to a different state or mode, orinformation about the application(s) that triggered the indication.

An indication from another network element could include, for example, aindication from a media or push-to-talk network entity. In this example,the indication is sent to the network entity responsible fortransitioning (e.g. the UTRAN) when traffic conditions allow. Thissecond network entity could look at traffic at an Internet protocol (IP)level to determine whether and when to send a transition indication.

In a further embodiment, the indication from the UE or second networkelement could be implicit rather than explicit. For example, atransition indication may be implied by the network element responsiblefor transitioning (e.g. the UTRAN) from device status reports onoutbound traffic measurements. Specifically, status reporting couldinclude a radio link buffer status where, if no outbound data exists,could be interpreted as an implicit indication. Such status reportingcould be a measurement that can be repetitively sent from the UE thatdoes not, by itself, request or indicate anything.

The indication could thus be any signal and could be application based,radio resource based, or a composite indication providing informationconcerning all of the user equipment's application and radio resources.The above is not meant to be limiting to any particular indication, andone skilled in the art would appreciate that any indication could beused with the present method and disclosure.

Reference is now made to FIG. 18. The process starts at step 1801 andproceeds to step 1810 in which a network element receives theindication.

Once the network receives the indication in step 1810, the processproceeds to step 1820 in which a radio resource profile for the userequipment is checked.

The term “radio resource profile”, as used herein, is meant to be abroad term that could apply to a variety of situations, depending on therequirements of a network element. In broad terms, the radio resourceprofile includes information about radio resources utilized by the userequipment.

The radio resource profile could include either or both static profileelements and dynamic or negotiated profile elements. Such elements couldinclude an “inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messagesper time-window” value, which could be part of the radio resourceprofile, either within or apart from the transition profile, and couldbe negotiated or static.

Static profile elements include one or more of the quality of servicefor a radio resource (e.g. RAB or RB), a PDP context, an APN that thenetwork has knowledge of and a subscriber profile.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, various levels ofquality service could exist for a radio resource and the level of thequality of service could provide information to a network on whether totransition to a different state or mode. Thus if the quality of serviceis background, the network element may consider transitioning to idlemore readily than if the quality of service is set to interactive.Further, if multiple radio resources have the same quality of service,this could provide an indication to the network on whether to transitionthe mobile device to a more suitable state or mode or to tear down theradio resources. In some embodiments, a primary and secondary PDPcontext could have a different quality of service, which could alsoaffect the decision on whether to perform a state/mode transition.

Further, the APN could provide the network with information about thetypical services that the PDP context utilizes. For example, if the APNis xyz.com, where xyz.com is typically used for the provision of dataservices such as email, this could provide an indication to the networkabout whether or not to transition to a different state or mode. Thiscould further indicate routing characteristics.

In particular, the present method and apparatus can utilize the AccessPoint Name (APN) specified by the UE to set the transition profilebetween various states. This may be another way of describing thesubscription of the UE. As will be appreciated, the Home LocationRegister (HLR) may store relevant information about subscribers, andcould provide the radio network controller (RNC) with the subscriptionof the UE. Other network entities could also be used to storesubscription information centrally. Whether using the HLR or othernetwork entity, information is preferably pushed to other networkcomponents such as the RNC and SGSN, which map subscription informationto relevant physical parameters used during data exchange.

The UTRAN could include or have access to a database or table in whichvarious APNs or QoS parameters could be linked to a specific transitionprofile. Thus, if the UE is an always on device, this will be apparentfrom the APN and an appropriate transition profile for that APN could bestored at the UTRAN as part of the radio resource profile or be remotelyaccessible by the UTRAN. Similarly, if the QoS or a portion of the QoSparameter is used, or a dedicated message sent with a profile, thiscould signify to the UTRAN that a particular transition profile isdesired based on a database query or a lookup in a table. Additionally,a multiplicity of behaviors beyond the RRC connected state transitionprofile can be specified by this means. These include, but are notlimited to:

-   -   rate adaptation algorithms (periodicity of step/step size);    -   initial granted radio bearer;    -   maximal granted radio bearer;    -   minimize call setup time (avoid unnecessary steps such as        traffic volume measurements); and    -   the air interface (GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA/LTE).

Further, if there are multiple PDP contexts that have different QoSrequirement but share the same APN IP address, such as a primarycontext, secondary context, and so forth, a different transition profilecan be used for each context. This could be signaled to the UTRANthrough QoS or dedicated messages.

If multiple active PDP contexts are concurrently utilized, the lowestcommon denominator between the contexts can be used. For RRC statetransition, if one application has a first PDP context that isassociated with a transition profile in which the system moves fromCELL_DCH state to a CELL_PCH or Idle state quickly, and a second PDPcontext is associated with a transition profile in which the system isto stay in the CELL_DCH state longer, the second profile in which theCELL_DCH state is maintained longer will override the first profile.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the lowest commondenominator can be considered in two different ways. Lowest commondenominator, as used herein, implies a longest time required beforetransitioning to a different state. In a first embodiment, the lowestcommon denominator may be the lowest of the activated PDPs. In analternative embodiment, the lowest common denominator may be the lowestof the PDPs that actually have active radio resources. The radioresources could be multiplexed in a number of different fashions but theend result is the same.

An exemplary case for such methods can be drawn for always on devices.As described, various APNs or QoS parameters can be linked to a specificbehavior for always on. Consider initially granted radio resources thatmay be desirable based on an ‘always on’ profile. The network now has ameans to ‘know’ that data bursts are short and bursty for always-onapplications, such as email. For those skilled in the art, it is clearlyseen that given this information, there is no incentive to save codespace for trunking efficiency on the network. Thus a maximum rate may beallocated to an always-on device with little risk of not reservingenough code space for other users. Additionally the UE benefits inreceiving data more rapidly and also saves on battery life due toshorter ‘on time’. Again, to those skilled in the art, high data rateshave very little effect on current draw since power amplifiers are fullybiased regardless of data rate.

In the above embodiment, a lookup table can be used by the UTRAN todetermine the resource control profile for radio resources(s) to beassigned for different applications for a given RRC connection for theUE. The profile can be based on user subscription and stored on thenetwork side at a network entity such as HLR or alternatively at the RNCsince the RNC will have more up to date traffic resources available(i.e. data rates that can be granted). If higher data rates can beachieved shorter timeouts may be possible.

Instead of APN, other alternatives such the Quality of Service (QoS)parameters set in a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context activation orModified PDP Context can be used. The QoS field can further include theQoS “allocation retention priority (Service data unit could be used toinfer traffic data volumes)” in case of multiple PDP contexts sharingthe same APN address or a subscription profile to set the transitionprofile. Further alternatives include dedicated messages such as theindication message above to signal a resource control profile andinformation such as inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/requestmessages per time-window value.

The transition profile included in the radio resource profile couldfurther include whether the state of the UE should be transition at allbased on the type of application. Specifically, if the user equipment isbeing used as a data modem, a preference may be set either on the userequipment so transition indications are not sent or if knowledge of thepreference is maintained at the network, that any transition indicationreceived from the UE while being used as a data modem should be ignored.Thus the nature of the applications that are being run on the userequipment could be used as part of the radio resource profile.

A further parameter of a transition profile could involve the type oftransition. Specifically, in a UMTS network, the user equipment mayprefer to enter a Cell_PCH state rather than entering an idle state forvarious reasons. One reason could be that the UE needs to connect to aCell_DCH state more quickly if data needs to be sent or received, andthus moving to a Cell_PCH state will save some network signaling andbattery resources while still providing for a quick transition to theCell_DCH state. The above is equally applicable in non-UMTS networks andmay provide for a transition profile between various connected and idlestates.

The transition profile may also include various timers including, butnot limited to, inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/requestmessages per time-window, delay timers and inactivity timers. Delaytimers provide a period which the network element will wait prior totransitioning to a new state or mode. As will be appreciated, even ifthe application has been inactive for a particular time period, a delaymay be beneficial in order to ensure that no further data is received ortransmitted from the application. An inactivity timer could measure apredetermined time period in which no data is received or sent by anapplication. If data is received prior to the inactivity timer expiring,typically the inactivity timer will be reset. Once the inactivity timerexpires, the user equipment may then send the indication of step 1810 tothe network. Alternatively, the user equipment may wait for a certainperiod, such as that defined for the delay timer, before sending theindication of step 1810.

Further, the delay timer or inhibit duration and/or maximumindication/request messages per time-window could vary based on aprofile that is provided to the network element. Thus, if theapplication that has requested a transition to a different mode or stateis a first type of application, such as an email application, the delaytimer on the network element can be set to a first delay time, while ifthe application is of a second type such as an instant messagingapplication, the delay timer can be set to a second value. The values ofthe inhibit duration and/or maximum indication/request messages pertime-window, delay timer or inactivity timer could also be derived bythe network based on the APN utilized for a particular PDP.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the inactivity timercould similarly vary based on the application utilized. Thus, an emailapplication may have a shorter inactivity timer than a browserapplication since the email application is expecting a discrete messageafter which it may not receive data. Conversely the browser applicationmay utilize data even after a longer delay and thus require a longerinactivity timer.

The transition profile may further include a probability that a userequipment is correct requesting a transition. This could be based oncompiled statistics on the rate of accuracy of a particular userequipment or application on the user equipment.

The transition profile may further include various discontinuousreception (DRX) time values. Further, a progression profile for DRXtimes could be provided in a transition profile.

The transition profile could be defined on an application by applicationbasis or be a composite of the various applications on the userequipment.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art the transitionprofile could be created or modified dynamically when a radio resourceis allocated and could be done on subscription, PS registration, PDPactivation, RAB or RB activation or changed on the fly for the PDP orRAB/RB. The transition profile could also be part of the indication ofstep 1810. In this case, the network may consider the preferred RRCstate indication to determine whether to allow the transition and towhat state/mode. Modification could occur based on available networkresources, traffic patterns, among others.

The radio resource profile is therefore comprised of static and/ordynamic fields. The radio resource profile used by a particular networkmay vary from other networks and the description above is not meant tolimit the present method and system. In particular, the radio resourcesprofile could include and exclude various elements described above. Forexample, in some cases the radio resource profile will merely includethe quality of service for a particular radio resource and include noother information. In other cases, the radio resource profile willinclude only the transition profile. Still in other cases, the radioresource profile will include all of the quality of service, APN, PDPcontext, transition profile, among others.

Optionally, in addition to a radio resource profile, the network elementcould also utilize safeguards to avoid unnecessary transitions. Suchsafeguards could include, but are not limited to, the number ofindications received in a predetermined time period, the total number ofindications received, traffic patterns and historical data.

The number of indications received in a predetermined time period couldindicate to the network that a transition should not occur. Thus, if theuser equipment has sent, for example, five indications within a thirtysecond time period, the network may consider that it should ignore theindications and not perform any transitions. Alternatively the networkmay determine to indicate to the UE that it should not send any furtherindications either indefinitely or for some configured or predefinedtime period. This could be independent of any “inhibit duration and/ormaximum indication/request messages per time-window” on the UE.

Further, the UE could be configured not to send further indications fora configured, predefined or negotiated time period. The UE configurationcould be exclusive of the safeguards on the network side describedabove.

The traffic patterns and historical data could provide an indication tothe network that a transition should not occur. For example, if the userhas received a significant amount of data in the past between 8:30 and8:35 a.m. from Monday to Friday, if the indication is received at 8:32a.m. on Thursday, the network may decide that it should not transitionthe user equipment since more data is likely before 8:35 a.m.

If multiple radio resources are allocated for the user equipment, thenetwork may need to consider the complete radio resource profile for theuser equipment. In this case, the radio resource profiles for each radioresource can be examined and a composite transition decision made. Basedon the radio resource profile of one or multiple radio resources, thenetwork can then decide whether or not a transition should be made.

In one embodiment, the network has a plurality of choices on how toproceed when it has received and indication in step 1810 and examinedthe radio resource profile or profiles in step 1820.

A first option is to do nothing. The network may decide that atransition is not warranted and thus not accept the user equipmentindication to transition. As will be appreciated by those skilled in theart, doing nothing saves network signaling since the state is notchanged and in particular since a transition is not triggered.

A second option is to change the state of the device. For example, in aUMTS network, the state of the device may change from Cell_DCH toCell_PCH. In non-UMTS networks the state transition may occur betweenconnected states. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art,changing states reduces the amount of core network signaling whencompared with a transition to idle mode. Changing the state can alsosave radio resources since the Cell_PCH state does not require adedicated channel. Also Cell_PCH is less battery intensive stateenabling the UE to preserve battery power.

A third option for the network is to keep the UE in the same state butrelease the radio resources associated with a particular APN or PDPcontext. This approach saves radio resources and signaling as theconnection is maintained in its current state and does not need to bere-established. However, it may be less suitable for situations where UEbattery life is a concern.

A fourth option for the network is to transition the UE to an Idle mode.In particular, in both UMTS and non-UMTS, the network may move from aconnected mode to an Idle mode. As will be appreciated, this saves radioresources since no connection at all is maintained. It further saves thebattery life on the user equipment. However, a greater amount of corenetwork signaling is required to reestablish the connection.

A fifth option for the network is to change a data rate allocation,which will save radio resources, typically allowing more users to usethe network.

Other options would be evident to those skilled in the art.

The decision of the network on which of the five options to utilize willvary from network to network. Some overloaded networks may prefer topreserve radio resources and thus would choose the third, fourth orfifth options above. Other networks prefer to minimize signaling andthus may choose the first or second options above.

The decision is shown in FIG. 18 at step 1830 and will be based onnetwork preferences along with the radio resource profile for the userequipment. The decision is triggered by the network receiving anindication from the user equipment that the user equipment would like totransition into another state e.g. into a less battery intensive state.

Reference is now made to FIG. 19. FIG. 19 illustrates the simplifiednetwork element adapted to make the decisions shown in FIG. 18 above.Network element 1910 includes a communications subsystem 1920 adapted tocommunicate with user equipment. As will be appreciated by those skilledin the art communications subsystem 1920 does not need to directlycommunicate with user equipment, but could be part of a communicationspath for communications to and from the user equipment.

Network element 1910 further includes a processor 1930 and a storage1940. Storage 1940 is adapted to store preconfigured or static radioresource profiles for each user equipment being serviced by networkelement 1910. Processor 1930 is adapted to, upon receipt of anindication by communications subsystem 1920, consider the radio resourceprofile for the user equipment and to decide on a network actionregarding transitioning the user equipment. As will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art, the indication received by communicationssubsystem 1920 could further include a portion of or all of the radioresource profile for the user equipment that would then be utilized byprocessor 1930 to make the network decision concerning any transition.

Based on the above, a network element therefore receives an indicationfrom the user equipment that a transition might be in order (such as forexample when a data exchange is complete and/or that no further data isexpected at the UE). Based on this indication, the network elementchecks the radio resource profile of the user equipment, which couldinclude both static and dynamic profile elements. The network elementmay further check safeguards to ensure that unnecessary transitions arenot occurring. Based on the checks, the network element could thendecide to do nothing or to transition to a different mode or state, orto tear down a radio resource. As will be appreciated, this provides thenetwork more control of its radio resources and allows the network toconfigure transition decisions based on network preferences rather thanmerely user equipment preferences. Further, in some cases the networkhas more information than the device concerning whether to transition.For example, the user equipment has knowledge of upstream communicationsand based on this may decide that the connection may be torn down.However, the network may have received downstream communications for theuser equipment and thus realized that it cannot tear down theconnection. In this case, a delay can also be introduced using the delaytimer to provide the network with more certainty that no data will bereceived for user equipment in the near future.

The embodiments described herein are examples of structures, systems ormethods having elements corresponding to elements of the techniques ofthis disclosure. This written description may enable those skilled inthe art to make and use embodiments having alternative elements thatlikewise correspond to the elements of the techniques of thisdisclosure. The intended scope of the techniques of this disclosure thusincludes other structures, systems or methods that do not differ fromthe techniques of this disclosure as described herein, and furtherincludes other structures, systems or methods with insubstantialdifferences from the techniques of this disclosure as described herein.

1. A method for transitioning states or modes on a user equipmentcomprising: receiving, at a network element, a transition indication;checking a radio resource profile for the user equipment; and making atransitioning decision at the network element based on the receivedtransition indication and the radio resource profile.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the transition indication is triggered by a message froman application on the user equipment indicating that the application isfinished with an exchange of data.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein thetransition indication further includes data embedded therein.
 4. Themethod of claim 3 wherein the data includes one or more of a causeindication, a probability of error, and a radio resource profile aspect.5. The method of claim 1 wherein the radio resource profile includesstatic profile information.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the staticprofile information includes an access point name, quality of service,or a packet data protocol context.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein theradio resource profile includes a transition profile.
 8. The method ofclaim 7 wherein the transition profile includes whether the state of theuser equipment should enter transition at all, state transitionpreferences, delay or inactivity timer values, or a probability that auser equipment is correct to request a transition.
 9. The method ofclaim 7 wherein the transition profile is application specific.
 10. Themethod of claim 7 wherein the transition profile is a composite ofapplication transition profiles.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein theradio resource profile is a composite of all radio access bearer radioresource profiles for the user equipment.
 12. The method of claim 1wherein the transition decision is a decision selected from the group:do nothing; transition to a less battery intensive state; transition toan idle mode; and tear down one or more radio access bearers.
 13. Anetwork element adapted to make a transitioning decision, comprising: acommunications subsystem adapted to receive a transition indication;memory; and a processor adapted to check a radio resource profile for auser equipment, the processor further adapted to make the transitioningdecision based on the received transition indication and the radioresource profile.
 14. The network element of claim 13 wherein thetransition indication is a message from an application on the userequipment indicating that the application is finished with an exchangeof data.
 15. The network element of claim 13 wherein the transitionindication further includes data embedded therein.
 16. The networkelement of claim 15 wherein the data includes one or more of a causeindication, a probability of error, and a radio resource profile aspect.17. The network element of claim 13 wherein the radio resource profileincludes static profile information.
 18. The network element of claim 17wherein the static profile information includes an access point name,quality of service, or a packet data protocol context.
 19. The networkelement of claim 13 wherein the radio resource profile includes atransition profile.
 20. The network element of claim 19 wherein thetransition profile includes whether the state of the user equipmentshould enter transition at all, state transition preferences, delay orinactivity timer values, or a probability that a user equipment iscorrect to request a transition.
 21. The network element of claim 19wherein the transition profile is application specific.
 22. The networkelement of claim 19 wherein the transition profile is a composite ofapplication transition profiles.
 23. The network element of claim 13wherein the radio resource profile is a composite of all radio accessbearer radio resource profiles for the user equipment.
 24. The networkelement of claim 13 wherein the transition decision is a decisionselected from the group: do nothing; transition to a less batteryintensive state; transition to an idle mode; and tear down one or moreradio access bearers.
 25. The network element of claim 13 wherein thememory is adapted to store the radio resource profile.
 26. A userequipment adapted to initiate a transitioning decision, comprising: acommunications subsystem adapted communicate with a network; memory; anda processor adapted to determine if a state/mode transition is desirableand further adapted to send a transition indication to the networkresponsive to the determination, wherein the user equipment is adaptedto receive a transitioning decision from the network based on thetransitioning indication.
 27. The user equipment of claim 26 wherein thetransition indication is triggered by a message from an application onthe user equipment indicating that the application is finished with anexchange of data.
 28. The user equipment of claim 27 wherein thetransition indication is a composite status of all applications on theuser equipment
 29. The user equipment of claim 26 wherein the transitionindication further includes data embedded therein.
 30. The userequipment of claim 28 wherein the embedded data is a transition profile.31. The user equipment of claim 26, wherein the transition indication isa dedicated message between the user equipment and the network.
 32. Theuser equipment of claim 26, further comprising a timer adapted to be setafter the processor has sent the transition indication.
 33. The userequipment of claim 32, wherein the processor is adapted to check whetherthe sending was successful, and responsive to the check delayingresending the transition indication until the expiration of the timer.34. The user equipment of claim 32, wherein a value for the timer isreceived from the network.
 35. The user equipment of claim 32, wherein avalue for the timer is determined based on the transition indication.36. A method for initiating a transitioning decision from a userequipment comprising: determining if a state/mode transition isdesirable at the user equipment; and sending a transition indication tothe network responsive to the determination, whereby the user equipmentreceives a transitioning decision from the network based on thetransitioning indication.
 37. The method of claim 36 wherein thetransition indication is triggered by a message from an application onthe user equipment indicating that the application is finished with anexchange of data.
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the transitionindication is a composite status of all applications on the userequipment
 39. The method of claim 36 wherein the transition indicationfurther includes data embedded therein.
 40. The method of claim 36wherein the embedded data is a transition profile.
 41. The method ofclaim 36, wherein the transition indication is a dedicated messagebetween the user equipment and the network.
 42. The method of claim 36,further comprising setting a timer after the sending.
 43. The method ofclaim 42, further comprising checking whether the sending wassuccessful, and responsive to the checking delaying resending thetransition indication until the expiration of the timer.
 44. The methodof claim 42, wherein a value for the timer is received from the network.45. The method of claim 42, wherein a value for the timer is determinedbased on the transition indication.